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- 471: Purchasing Power Parity
- ... s currency to be in great demand, thereby driving its price up. What in fact sets the exchange ratio between two currencies? Obviously supply and demand, but what causes supply and demand to set exchange rates at appropriate levels? With this question we begin the next section. What is Purchasing Power Parity? Perhaps the single most well known concept in foreign exchange theory is that of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The ... currency P*(t) = an index of a subset of goods and services in foreign currency t = some date t + T = some later date Relative PPP can also be modified to include the effects of disparate rates of inflation on the exchange rate. That is, since P(t+T) = 1+ , where is the domestic rate of inflation and P*(t+T) = 1+ * where * is the foreign exchange rate, we can algebraically alter ... of our equation says that the proportional appreciation or depreciation of the foreign currency depends on whether inflation is higher in, respectively, the domestic or the foreign country. The Real Exchange Rate Often however, exchange rates do not move within the framework of PPP. The real exchange rate is the exchange rate when PPP does not hold. PPP calculations are used extensively when developing international trade and monetary policy. Central ...
- 472: Hobbes Leviathan
- ... by this law. Locke, by contrast, proposes that it is up to the people to decide how far the rights of sovereigns should extend and whether or not the prince or legislature acts in their interest. Any controversies that arise, on matters where the law is silent or ambiguous, must be decided by the body of people. Refusal to submit to this arbitration puts the government in a state of war ... in the state of nature. For, any form of government is better than that of the state of nature. Since the sovereign’s strength depends on the vigor of his subjects, he can have no interest in inflicting great damage upon them. Hobbes admits that people will be subjected to the lusts and passions of his absolute sovereign but contends that the life of humans can never be without some inconveniences ... for no other end but the preservation of property and can thus not have the right to enslave, destroy or impoverish its subjects. If the legislature or the sovereign act contrary to the people’s interest, either by invading the subjects’ property, or by corrupting the representatives with money or offices, they put themselves into a state of war with the people. If the sovereign either hinders the assembly of ...
- 473: Salvador Manuchin
- ... or him or failing to confront, and thus defuse alliances forming elsewhere in the family. When a couple in session argues about how it started, the therapist can let them know that there is more interest in where it's going: "How will you resolve this here?" With specific reference to alcoholics, many have inherited biological and family stresses and have low self-esteem and other dynamics which can all play ... hands-on experience, on-line supervision, and the use of videotapes to learn and apply the techniques of structural family therapy. Minuchin stepped down as director of the Phildelphia Clinic in 1975 to pursue his interest in treating families with psychosomatic illnesses and to continue writing some of the most influential books in the field of family therapy. In 1981, Minuchin established Family Studies, Inc., in New York, a center committed ... organizes the way in which family members interact. The family system differentiates and carries out its functions through subsystems. Subsystems can be made up of individuals or dyads and can be formed by generation, sex, interest or functions. Each person belongs to a multiplicity of subsystems with different levels of power and in which differentiated skills are learned. Subsystem boundaries must be clear for proper family functioning. They must be ...
- 474: Muckrakers
- ... shocking events and kept the rural mind drooling for more. As newspaper circulation grew, the large newspaper depended much less on political parties and could now even challenge them. Newspapers played on the new human interest, the concern of the wealthy with the affairs of those below them, status-wise. This "story of the poor" became the basic outline for muckraking (Hofstadter 185-188). This new concern of the public demanded more from reporters. Reporters had to dig up exposés and human-interest stories. However, reporters received more and more notice from the public eye. A reporter's job was becoming more and more glamorous and held the aspirations of a growing number of young. As this occurred ... It, Gentlemen?" These as well as many others were titled muckrakers (Hofstadter 193). Although the muckraking era is considered to span from about 1902 to 1912, some muckraking magazines and muckrakers worked on. Despite losing interest because of war events and change of values, Pearson's magazine continued to write on. Also, Upton Sinclair continued muckraking at least until the mid-1930s. In 1924, he produced an essay entitled "The ...
- 475: Technology And The Future Of W
- ... the advances in medicine, health and hygiene technology with the availability and spread of this information. Governments are encouraging delayed retirement whereas businesses are seeking to reduce the size of their older workforce. The participation rates of older men has declined rapidly over the past forty years with the development of national retirement programmes. In many developed countries the number of men 65 and older who remain in the workforce has ... global economy is rapidly taking over from individual nations. The adoption of each new generation of technology is increasing and is rapidly becoming cheaper than its predecessor. Technologies developed in the 1960s have seen rapid rates of development, adoption and dissemination. Less developed countries can now acquire the new technologies due to the rapid decrease in cost, and the combination of their low wages and the latest technology make them formidable ... highest level since the great depression of the 1930s. More than 800 million people are now underemployed or are unemployed in the world, while the rich are becoming richer and the poor getting poorer. Unemployment rates among school leavers in South Australia is as high as twenty five per cent and nine per cent for the rest of the community, which leads one to question whether the traditional economic model ...
- 476: Effects of Media and Pornography
- ... does not deliberately create images of hate or disagreement (Howitt, Cumberbatch). They just influence the more appealing things in society (thus directly increasing their ratings). Although it is obvious that pornography is largely a male interest, a noted increase in female interest would certainly cause an increase in the amount of pornographic material geared for women; this relates to the laws of the business world (Christensen). Having discussed the untruthfulness of the claims against pornography and showing ... non-explicit media such as Reader’s Digest (Howitt, Cumberbatch). The study was conducted over a three-week period over which time it was discovered that the males involved in the experiment began to lose interest, or become desensitized to the erotic media nearing the end of the experiment, even if new material was added. Other experiments conducted in the early 1980s by the Williams Committee in England, reported that ...
- 477: A Histographical Analysis Of Four Central Asian Leaders And Their Role During The Mongol Age
- ... Empire. Let's first look at the background and field of study of these two authors. Jerry Bentley teaches at the University of Hawaii. His formal education was in world history with a field of interest in religion, trade and informational exchanges. S.A.M. Adshead lives in New Zealand and writes mostly on the Chinese Salt industry. Both authors come from different backgrounds, as their writing and analysis will show ... is a difference in the spelling and pronunciation of it. Bentley notes, "the Mongols had to develop policies for administering the institutionalized cultural traditions that they found. The earliest such policy derived from the personal interest-almost a whim- of Genghis Khan, conqueror of northern China". That was the extent in which Bentley goes into the political realm of Genghis. The rest of the material deals with the religious justifications and ... main theme or concept revolves around the idea of a Mongol explosion of ideas. Bentley on the other hand is more concerned with the religious and trade aspects of the Mongol era. His field of interest is cross-cultural exchanges and the spread of religious institutions. In my own opinion, I feel somewhat at odds with these two authors. I found Adshead to be an author that implies situations and ...
- 478: Adam Smith
- ... their self-interests. Self-interests do not necessarily always mean increasing one s wealth measured in dollars and cents. It is a fact that individuals seek many goals, not just increased wealth. Therefore, the self-interest of the individual involves at the minimum goals relating to prestige, friendship, love, power, helping others, and many other things. In a successful market, the competition between businesses would create enough goods for everyone. Supply ... produce things that they know other people want, or need. When the consumer, (the buyer) and the seller meet in the market, a pattern of production develops that result in social harmony. Therefore, through self-interest the producer is motivated to produce that which society wants. Thus the consumer rules the market and not the producer. One of Smiths most popular and well-known theories was that of the invisible hand ... tell us that the outcome of a certain kind of a behavior in a certain social framework will bring about perfectly definite and foreseeable results. Specifically they show us how the drive of individual self-interest in an environment of similarly motivated individuals will result in competition. Furthermore they demonstrate how competition will result in the provision of those goods that society wants, in the quantities that society desires, and ...
- 479: The American and Japanese Social System
- ... the Japanese market is a closed one. Many Americans seem to feel that if the Japanese market is not like the US market, then it must be unfair. The Japanese have clearly perceived their national interest in trade terms and have organized themselves and disciplined themselves to do something about it.(State, 7) There are strengths and weaknesses in both the American and the Japanese social system The Emperor of Japan ... need to keep in mind also some simple facts. Japan is the most densely populated country in the world. It has the most educated population known to human history. The Japans are extremely orderly. Crime rates, for example, generally run about one tenth or ours and one half those in Europe.(State, 10) At the same time, when we Americans think of the Japanese as a cultural people, we are in ...
- 480: Women In The Labour Force
- ... them with excellent benefits. In Japan there is a drop in female economic activity, the reason why is it affects their marriage and the care of their only child. An observation of labour force participation rates in Canada show that female rates rose a lot between 1971 and 1981, while the male rate rose unnoticeably. The increase in the female participation rate was found in all age groups except in older women. For women aged 15 to ... rate was as almost as high as the men. But the largest increase was in the age group of 25-44 years old, where the rate rose almost 50 percent. This meant that the participation rates of the females had become more alike with the men. Family status also influenced the female participation rate but later on during 1981 it had a more less affect than in 1971. According to ...
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