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Search results 31 - 40 of 4688 matching essays
- 31: Japanese Capital Structure And
- ... on the par value (in essence the instrument was a preferred share), which were paid out of after-tax cash flows. Loans on the other hand were easily obtained through an affiliated bank at reasonable interest rates, and provided a tax shield through the deductible interest payments. Government Regulations and the Bond Market Table 1 shows how the domestic bond market in Japan began to open up during the 1980 s. Until that time, strict bond issuing criteria that applied ...
- 32: Taxation & Democracy
- ... primarily pursue their self-interests and try to displace the burden of tax away from themselves. However, the explanation of why these public policies vary does not explain taxation policy, and tends to treat self-interest as a given. The second explanation provided is the values explanation, which looks into the fact that different publics want different public policies. A major weakness of this explanation is that because political values are ... are, on the one hand, shaped and, on the other hand, translated into specific policy choices." Next, Steinmo offers a sociological view by looking at the institutional level and how the institutions profoundly affect how interest groups, politicians and bureaucrats develop their own policy preferences. This approach focuses on the environmental context of policy choices over time and demonstrates how specific policy outcomes are derived within different economic and political structural ... Although each country carries out these adaptations in different fashion, Steinmo states that the nations all want similar things: "Politicians want to be reelected, bureaucrats want to manage a stable and efficient tax policy, and interest groups want to promote the well-being of their constituents. But how these general desires get translated into specific policy preferences and specific political strategies depends on the rules of the game; and the ...
- 33: Financial Instability
- ... attacks is what is coined the “bandwagon” effect. Say for example, that a country's central bank decides to undertake an expansionary monetary policy. A neoclassical interpretation tells us that this will lower the domestic interest rates, thus lowering the rate of return in the foreign exchange market and bringing about a currency depreciation. As investors foresee this happening they will likely pull out before the perceived depreciation. “Efforts to get out ... accelerate the loss of reserves, provoking an earlier collapse, speculators would therefore try to get out still earlier, and so on” (Krugman, 1991:93). This “herding” or “bandwagon” effect naturally cause wild swings in exchange rates and volatility in markets. Another argument for the evolution of financial market instability is closely related to hegemonic stability theory. This political explanation predicts a circumstance (i.e. a decline of a hegemon's ...
- 34: A Study Of The Market Reforms In Post-Communist Eastern Europe With A Specific Case Study of Poland
- ... lack of foreign investment), a bias towards products in weak demand but costly to produce (in terms of energy input and raw resources). These three factors produced an economic crisis that resulted in negative growth rates in 1979,80,81 and 82. It also produced the Solidarity movement in 1980 and the implementation of martial law the following year. During the 1980's, Poland managed to regain earlier production levels, at ... than 48 billion dollars (US) before the more than 50% reduction of official debt in March of 1991. The remaining 30 billion dollars is still a heavy burden on the economy. The debt service due (interest - simple maintaining of debt at present level) in 1991 amounted to 4 billion (40% of 1989 exports). The government fell into arrears with many creditors (2/3 owed to foreign governments, 1/3 to foreign ... GNP to 6% in 1990. (These measures were designed to increase revenue while decreasing expenditures making for a balanced budget and the ability to repay the national debt) 2) Tight monetary policy with positive real interest rates (interest minus inflation = real interest rate) to eliminate hidden subsidies from household savers to state enterprises via low interest rates in the banking sector that were estimated to total 10-15% of GNP ...
- 35: J.P. Morgan
- ... railroad reorganizer. In 1886, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was in great difficulty with a deficit of six million dollars a year. Morgan was brought in to slash the value of the watered stock, reduce interest rates on the bonds, and assess the shareholders for more money. Morgan's plans for the Philadelphia and Reading lines were working well until their president A. Archibald McLeod waged was against Pierpont. Archibald built connecting ... the failing economic Railroad system. Morgan was unsympathetic with governmental regulation; however, he sought to help enforce the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The act asked for the maintenance of "public, reasonable, uniform and stable rates. The act served to at least establish some community of interest among railroads that, at the time, were engaged in ruthless and wasteful competition. Their alliance paved the way for the future great consolidations ...
- 36: Australias Exchange Rate
- What is an exchange rate? What factors determine the exchange rate for the Australian dollar? An exchange rate is the ratio at which a country's currency exchanges for the currency of another country. Exchange rates are typically expressed as the foreign currency equivalent of one unit of domestic currency. The exchange rate between Australia and the United States for example was $A1.00 = $US0. , (as of 2.12.99). The exchange rate is determined by the demand for, and supply of, that currency in terms of other currencies. The major trading countries of the world use a system of floating exchange rates. Under this system, exchange rates are determined by the free market forces of supply and demand. In other words, the rate moves freely in response to competitive market forces. Demand and supply are determined in terms of overseas currencies. ...
- 37: Mancur Olson’s The Logic of Collective Action
- Mancur Olson’s The Logic of Collective Action In 1965 an intellectual bomb was dropped on the field of interest groups, in the form of Mancur Olson’s The Logic of Collective Action. In this seminal work Olson details the dynamics of group formation. The central theory is that men and women are rational, correspondingly ... has been subject to a large amount of scrutiny but has faired well. Mancur Olson’s by-product theory has withstood both theoretical and empirical tests and has shown to be an accurate model of interest group formation. Before an in-depth analysis of the by-product theory one must have a firm grasp of the assumptions underlying it, to which groups it applies, and the broad conceptual ideas the theory ... benefits while minimizing costs. This cost-benefit analysis says that people want the maximum amount of benefits or results with the least amount of cost (money, time, etc.). A rational person will not join an interest group because the benefits do not outweigh the costs of joining. Olson limits the by-product theory to large and latent groups. This is done because according to Olson’s central theory of collective ...
- 38: Euthanasia And Suicide
- ... voluntary euthanasia, but 1,040 patients died from involuntary euthanasia, meaning that the doctors actively killed these people without the patients knowledge or consent. Of those who suffered involuntary euthanasia, 72% had never expressed any interest in having their lives terminated. Also 8,100 patients were intentionally given overdoses of pain medication to hasten the patients death, and in 61% of these cases the intentional overdose was given without the patient ... efficacy, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism). The dependent variables were preoccupation with and fear of death, fears of the dying process, and attitudes toward hastened death. Sullivan et al. (1998) article found that low and stable rates of preoccupation with death and fear of death were found. Also occasional but not persistent fears about the dying process were common. But fears of death and dying were most closely related to health status ... This article discusses depression as a mental disorder. About 10 million to 14 million people in the United States suffer depression. Depressed people may feel fearful, guilty, or helpless. They often cry, and many lose interest in work and social life. Many cases of depression also involve aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, or other physical symptoms. Some depressed patients try to harm or kill themselves. Periods of depression may occur ...
- 39: Eutahania And Suicide In America
- ... voluntary euthanasia, but 1,040 patients died from involuntary euthanasia, meaning that the doctors actively killed these people without the patients knowledge or consent. Of those who suffered involuntary euthanasia, 72% had never expressed any interest in having their lives terminated. Also 8,100 patients were intentionally given overdoses of pain medication to hasten the patients death, and in 61% of these cases the intentional overdose was given without the patient ... efficacy, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism). The dependent variables were preoccupation with and fear of death, fears of the dying process, and attitudes toward hastened death. Sullivan et al. (1998) article found that low and stable rates of preoccupation with death and fear of death were found. Also occasional but not persistent fears about the dying process were common. But fears of death and dying were most closely related to health status ... This article discusses depression as a mental disorder. About 10 million to 14 million people in the United States suffer depression. Depressed people may feel fearful, guilty, or helpless. They often cry, and many lose interest in work and social life. Many cases of depression also involve aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, or other physical symptoms. Some depressed patients try to harm or kill themselves. Periods of depression may occur ...
- 40: Economic Policy
- ... budget by having a smaller more efficient federal government. It should include equal opportunity for financial security but not through a government sponsored redistribution of wealth program. Cutting taxes across the board including income tax rates, capital gains and estate taxes among others should provide a growth spurt for the economy. Allowing people and businesses to keep more of their hard earned money would enable them to spend more money. People ... the rate of growth in spending on them. As quoted in a Business Week editorial "Cutting the growth in Medicare spending by $150 billion would help open the way for a truly balanced budget, lower interest rates and higher economic growth" (A Vote for a Sensible Center 194). To eliminate waste the government will have to cut programs that are no longer needed and programs that overlap each other. "The federal ...
Search results 31 - 40 of 4688 matching essays
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