Steelmaking involves the removal of iron's impurities and the addition of desirable alloying elements. Steel was first made by cementation, a process of heating bars of iron with charcoal so that the surface of the iron acquired a high carbon content. The bars were then fused together, yielding a metal harder and stronger than the individual bars but lacking uniformity in these properties. The crucible method, consisting of melting iron together with other substances in a crucible, is one of the costlier steelmaking processes, employed only for making special steels (e.g., the famous blades of Damascus). Steel is often classified by its carbon content: a high-carbon steel is hard and brittle; low- or medium-carbon steel can be welded and tooled. Alloy steels, now the most widely used, contain one or more elements that give them special properties. Aluminum steel is....

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