Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of character and intelligence as they relate to happiness. Here, Aristotle distinguished two kinds of "virtue," or human excellence: moral and intellectual. Moral virtue is an expression of character, formed by habits reflecting repeated choices. It is a mean between two less desirable extremes. Courage, for example, is a mean between cowardice and thoughtless rashness. Intellectual virtues are not subject to this doctrine of the mean. Nevertheless, it seemed Aristotle argued for an elitist ethics: where what’s good or virtuous can be realized only by the mature male adult of the upper class, not by women, or children, or barbarians. It was noted in class that these may have been (non-Greeks), or salaried "mechanics" (manual workers). In politics, many forms of human associa....

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