Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers illustrated, in American Exceptionalism: The Politics of Fragmentation, that although collective action is the most effective means of being heard, our country has become structured to prevent this from happening. The nation has been fragmented in several different ways on many different levels over the coarse of its history. The design of the constitution, the first fragmentation, guarantees a split government. It mandates a separation of powers to allow each of the three branches checks and balances over the each other. It also prohibits the leader of one branch to simultaneously be the leader of another. The constitution also grants states their own rights to govern, instead of only having one centralized nation government. "… [T]he clear effect of constitutional fragmentation has… been to limit the potential for political cooperat....

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