Intermolecular Bonding Essay
.... containing eight electrons.
The factors that effect the formation of ions are ionization energy, electron
affinity, lattice energy.
Figure 1
The transfer of electrons involved in the formation of (a) sodium chloride and
(b) calcium fluoride. Each atom forms an ion with an outer shell containing
eight electrons.
For many elements, compounds cannot be formed by the production of ions, since
the energy released in the formation of the lattice of ions would be
insufficient to overcome the energy require .....
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Involvement Of K+ In Leaf Movements During Suntracking
.... response as well.
Paraheliotropism minimizes water loss by reducing the amount of light absorbed
by the leaves; the leaves orient themselves parallel to the sun’s rays. Plants
that exhibit paraheliotropic behavior usually do so at midday, when the sun’s
rays are perpendicular to the ground. This reorientation takes place only in
leaves of plants that are capable of nastic light-driven movements, such as the
trifoliate leaf of Erythrina spp. (Herbert 1984). However, this phenomenon has
been observ .....
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Iron
.... oxide. When exposed to moist air,
iron becomes corroded, forming a reddish - brown, flaky, hydrated ferric oxide,
commonly known as rust. (Encarta, 1996)
Iron is formed in shallow seas. It comes out of the water and collects
on the sea floor. This creates an underwater deposit. This process occurs over
billions of years. Through plate movement the whole sea floor is eventually
moved up out of the water. Once out of the water, the iron has formed a land
deposit. The biggest iron deposit in t .....
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Lab Protocols
.... rule is completely self
explanatory for safety purposes.
The fifth rule is to be extremely careful with equipment. Not only for
money purposes but also for your own personal safety.
The sixth rule is to not touch anything that the teacher or the lab
specifically instructs you to. Because you don't need to.
The seventh rule states that activities should only be done if they are
specifically discussed in your lab. This is for safety purposes and for the
liability of the school.
The eighth rule is .....
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Lead And The Environment
.... properties, accounted for its extensive use. Lead can be rolled into
sheets which can be made into rods and pipes. It can also be molded into
containers and mixed with other metallic elements.
Lead was used in ancient times for making coinage, art objects and water
pipes. One of the first known toxic substances, lead was used by the Romans for
lining aqueducts and in glazes on containers used for food and wine storage; and
it is suspected to have resulted in widespread lead poisoning. Members of .....
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Essay On Metals
.... and closed without special tools and without growing brittle
and/or breaking as is the case with most harder alloys.
The disadvantages are clear. The price is high and in its pure form
it's so soft it wears quickly from the purely mechanic rubbing of your skin
and of other jewellery.
The common solution, however, is not without its flaws. "Cutting"
the gold with cheaper metals can mean dramatic savings in material cost and
highly improved resistance to wear but we must remember that it also
changes .....
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Moon Expoloration
.... The Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
The CSM was made of two parts. The crew stayed in the Command Module,
which had some couches and was pressurized with oxygen.
Behind the CM was the SM or Service Module which had the main engine, which
had 21,500lb. of thrust. The reaction control system , oxygen, fuel cells,
hydrogen tanks, and envirnmental control systems. The main engine was only
used for changes in course and changes in orbit and escape from the lunor
orbit.
When the crew came back for re .....
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Mercury
.... is a very important element. A major use of
mercury is in electrical equipment such as fluorescent lamps, and mercury
batteries. Mercury is used in thermometers because the change in volume for
each degree of rise or fall in temperature is the same. The use of mercury in
the thermometer instead of alcohol was done by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in 1714.
It was also used in vacuum pumps, barometers, and electric rectifiers and
switches. Mercury is used in a mercury-vapor lamps which are used as a sour .....
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Scenes Of Nature
.... constantly. The different parts of the world
embrace eccentric colors of the ocean. In the Caribbean exotic crystal
clear waters embrace the white sandy beaches. Yet the bays of Maine and
Boston grasp the deep greens. The coast of California holds the deep blues
of the pacific. The ocean varies with its location.
The different scenes of nature are very intriguing. Whether it is
the sky, the forest, or the ocean one may enjoy them anytime of the year
day or night.
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Mini-Research
.... varied. Both vary. Charge is equal to an electron, but
opposite in sign. Mass was smaller when used as a gas. From the values of e/m
for positive particles, m was calculated to be 1.0073 amu. This became known as
a proton.
NEUTRON- In 1932, James Chadwick detected the third of the basic parts of an
atom. He showed that uncharged particles, or neutrons, are emitted when atoms
of other elements are bombarded with high-velocity helium atoms with all
electrons remored, or an alpha particle. Neutrons .....
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Nobelium
.... a few minutes.
being labeled as one
of the transuranium elements. The element is named after Alfred Bernhard Nobel,
the Swedish inventor and philanthropist.
Nobelium can be found when produced artificially in a laboratory.
Discovery of the element was first claimed in 1957 by scientific groups in the
United States, Great Britain, and Sweden, but the first confirmed discovery of a
nobelium isotope was by a team of scientists at the Lawrence Radiation
Laboratory in Berkeley, California and that took place in 1958. Th .....
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The Noble Gases
.... is
found most common in the atmosphere of the earth. It is also found in the earth¹
s crust. It was discovered in 1898 by Sir Walter Ramsey and Morris W. Travers.
Its uses include electric signs,lamps,and lasers.
Argon is the most abundant and most used noble on earth. It was
discovered by Lord Rayleigh and by Sir Walter Ramsey in 1894. Argon makes up
about 1.2 % of the earths atmosphere. It is found naturally in rock and in the
air. It is used for electric light bulbs and floursent tubes. It i .....
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Nuclear Power: Cons
.... field of electricity production. With the wealth of sources such as
solar, wind, hydro or geothermal the dangers involved with fission could be
solved by adopting these newer, safer methods. A main source of energy that
could lead the way for the near future is solar energy. It is clean efficient
and is already a large part of American and Canadian electricity production.
"Solar energy already supplies about 6% of the nation's [U.S.A] energy ... the
industry is still in an embryonic stage, and opportunit .....
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Nuclear Legacy
.... but they started leaking. As you can see, there is a great need for a
nuclear waste disposal site. These sites may sound frightening, but it may be
the only way for us to dispose the devastation we had longed to create. In 1986,
the decision for a nuclear waste depositary proved to be "the most frightening
decision of the decade." Of these sites, three were chosen to be the "most
suitable" for the disposal of nuclear by-products. These three sites consisted
of Hanford, Washington; Yuka Mountain, N .....
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Nuclear Fusion
.... Such a reaction is not self sustaining
because the released energy is not readily imparted to other nuclei.
thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium will produce a helium nucleus and
an energetic neutron that can help sustain further fusion. This is the basic
principal of the hydrogen bomb which employs a brief, controlled thermonuclear
fusion reaction. This was also how the car in the Back to the Future movie
worked. It had a much more sophisticated system of producing a fusion reaction
from .....
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