Communism began in the early 19th century in response to the problematic beginnings of modern capitalism. At that time communism was the basis for many utopian settlements, most, however, eventually failed. These small-scale experiments into communism were done with voluntary cooperation, with everyone participating in the governing process. Later Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels greatly helped spur renewed interest in a communistic society with their book Communist Manifesto. In their writing Marx and Engels tried to analyze modern society at that time which they described as capitalistic. They showed