On January 12, 1999, over a billion dollars fled Brazil. Three days later, the Central Bank attempted to bring about a limited devaluation of the Brazilian currency, the real, but it failed to prevent a free fall. Over the next two days, another $3 billion was pulled out, and by the end of the month, the real had lost over 40 percent of its value. The Central Bank president resigned, his successor lasted a week, and as speculative attacks continued, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in some desperation, sought out one of international financier George Soros's closest associates, Arminio Fraga, for the job. Fraga used to manage a fund that took bets on macroeconomic changes, such as currency